Effects and potential of optimized fertilization practices for rice production in China

Optimized fertilization practices are a promising management strategy for sustainable rice production. Green manuring, straw incorporation, postponing nitrogen (N) application, formula fertilization, combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, reducing deep slow/controlled-release fertilizers (S/CRFs), biochar addition nine frequently used optimized in China. The use efficiency (NUE) improvement, yield increase, N loss-reducing effects these were analyzed based on multisite studies across An index system considering the applicability various was developed to identify their potential distributions. results indicated that 76.5% all paddies China overfertilized regions under current yields. mainly adopted central eastern with serious water pollution excessive fertilization. Postponing S/CRFs, had wide nationwide, suitable 100% paddies, followed by incorporation (98.8%), (81.4%), green manuring (67.0%), (44.0%), (33.7%), fertilizer (23.4%). Overall, except which decreased yields an average −2%, most increased more than 5% reduced total losses 15%. Reducing five eco-friendly distribution, low inputs, good effects. By fully implementing recommended combination scenarios preferred at country level, increasing rate 3~9% 15~35%, respectively. has noticeable alleviate agricultural non-point source while ensuring yield.